Passive: is made / was built
Edilgen çatı: is made / was built
Animasyonlu anlatım
Çizgi film öğretmen Passive: is made / was built bu dersin kendi örnek cümleleriyle sahne sahne anlatır: tahtada formül, renk kodlu cümle parçaları, yanlış → doğru karşılaştırmaları. Anlatım İngilizcedir (İngiliz aksanı). İlk açılışta senaryo hazırlanır (~1 dk), sonra anında açılır.
Edilgen çatıyı (passive), işi kimin yaptığı değil, neyin yapıldığı önemli olduğunda kullanırız: Tea is grown in Rize. Yapısı basittir: be (am / is / are / was / were) + fiilin 3. hali. Türkçedeki -ıl / -il / -ın / -in ekinin (yapılır, yapıldı) İngilizcedeki karşılığıdır.
A is / are + 3. hal (genel, her zaman)
Durum: Bu çay Rize'den geliyor. Çayı Rize'de yetiştiriyorlar. → Tea is grown in Rize. (Çay Rize'de yetiştirilir.)
Burada önemli olan çay. Kimin yetiştirdiği önemli değil. Böyle cümlelere edilgen (passive) denir. İşi yapan kişi değil, yapılan iş öne çıkar.
Kural: am / is / are + fiilin 3. hali
| Etken (active) | Edilgen (passive) |
|---|---|
| People grow tea in Rize. | Tea is grown in Rize. |
| They make these cars in Bursa. | These cars are made in Bursa. |
Türkçede fiile ek getiririz (satılır). İngilizcede ek yoktur: be + 3. hal kullanırız.
3. hal: Düzenli fiillerde sona -ed gelir (clean → cleaned, open → opened). Düzensiz fiilleri ezberleyin:
| Fiil | 3. hal |
|---|---|
| make | made |
| build | built |
| write | written |
| speak | spoken |
| sell | sold |
| take | taken |
| steal | stolen |
| grow | grown |
- Tea is grown in Rize.Çay Rize'de yetiştirilir.
- These cars are made in Bursa.Bu arabalar Bursa'da yapılır.Çoğul özne → are
- Simit is sold on almost every corner in Istanbul.İstanbul'da neredeyse her köşede simit satılır.
- English is spoken in many countries.İngilizce birçok ülkede konuşulur.
- Our office is cleaned every evening.Ofisimiz her akşam temizlenir.Kimin temizlediği önemli değil.
- I am paid at the end of the month.Maaşım ay sonunda ödenir.I → am
B was / were + 3. hal (geçmiş)
Durum: Boğaziçi Köprüsü çok eski değil. 1973'te açıldı. → The Bosphorus Bridge was opened in 1973.
Geçmişte olmuş bir şey için was / were + 3. hal kullanırız.
| Özne | Geçmiş edilgen |
|---|---|
| I / he / she / it | was built |
| we / you / they | were built |
Karşılaştırın:
- The bridge is cleaned every year. → her yıl (genel)
- The bridge was opened in 1973. → bir kez, geçmişte
Dikkat: 'doğmak' da böyledir: I was born in Ankara. Türkçede 'doğdum' deriz, ama İngilizcede mutlaka was born deriz.
- The Bosphorus Bridge was opened in 1973.Boğaziçi Köprüsü 1973'te açıldı.
- My bike was stolen last night.Bisikletim dün gece çalındı.
- These photos were taken in Bodrum.Bu fotoğraflar Bodrum'da çekildi.photos çoğul → were
- The match was cancelled because of the rain.Maç yağmur yüzünden iptal edildi.İngiliz yazımı: cancelled (çift l)
- We were invited to Can's wedding.Can'ın düğününe davet edildik.
- I was born in Ankara.Ankara'da doğdum.'I born' demeyin.
C Olumsuz ve soru: isn't made / Was it built?
Durum: Zeynep, Elif'in çantasını çok beğeniyor: Was it made in Italy? Elif: No, it wasn't. It was made in Istanbul.
Olumsuz: be'den sonra not gelir (isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't). Soru: be cümlenin başına gelir. do / does / did kullanmayız!
| Şimdi | Geçmiş | |
|---|---|---|
| + | It is made in Türkiye. | It was built in 1990. |
| – | It isn't made in Türkiye. | It wasn't built in 1990. |
| ? | Is it made in Türkiye? | Was it built in 1990? |
Soru kelimesiyle: Where / When + is / was + şey + 3. hal? → Where was this carpet made? (3. hal en sona gelir.)
- The rubbish isn't collected on Sundays.Pazar günleri çöp toplanmaz.
- These shoes weren't made in China.Bu ayakkabılar Çin'de yapılmadı.
- Is breakfast included in the price?Kahvaltı fiyata dahil mi?Otelde çok kullanılan bir soru.
- Were you invited to the party?Partiye davet edildin mi?
- When was this mosque built?Bu cami ne zaman yapıldı?
- Where are these phones made?Bu telefonlar nerede üretiliyor?
D by: Kim yaptı?
Durum: Bu kitap çok güzel. Kim yazdı? → It was written by Orhan Pamuk. (Orhan Pamuk tarafından yazıldı.)
İşi yapan kişiyi söylemek istersek by kullanırız. Türkçedeki 'tarafından' = by (from değil!).
Ama çoğu zaman by kullanmayız, çünkü:
- kimin yaptığını bilmiyoruz → My phone was stolen.
- kim olduğu önemli değil ya da belli → The rubbish is collected on Mondays.
Karşılaştırın:
- Mert painted the kitchen. → Cümle Mert hakkında.
- The kitchen was painted by Mert. → Cümle mutfak hakkında.
- This book was written by Orhan Pamuk.Bu kitap Orhan Pamuk tarafından yazıldı.
- The thief was caught by the police.Hırsız polis tarafından yakalandı.
- This photo was taken by my sister Ayşe.Bu fotoğrafı kız kardeşim Ayşe çekti.
- The cake was made by my grandmother.Pastayı babaannem yaptı.Türkçede etken cümle daha doğal; İngilizcede ikisi de olur.
- My car was damaged in the car park.Arabam otoparkta hasar gördü.by yok: kimin yaptığını bilmiyoruz.
Türkçede fiilde -ıl / -il / -ın / -in ekini duyunca (yapıldı, satılır, yazıldı) İngilizcede be + 3. hal düşünün: yapıldı → was made, satılır → is sold. 'Tarafından' görünce → by. Formül: ek yok, be var!
Sık yapılan hatalar
- 1.Tea ___ (grow) in Rize.
- 2.These cars ___ (make) in Bursa.
- 3.English ___ (speak) in many countries.
- 4.The office ___ (clean) every evening.
- 5.Simit ___ (sell) on every street in Istanbul.
- 6.The letters ___ (deliver) at ten o'clock.
- 7.Football ___ (play) all over the world.
- 8.Our rubbish ___ (collect) on Mondays and Thursdays.
- 1.The Bosphorus Bridge ___ (open) in 1973.
- 2.My bike ___ (steal) last night.
- 3.These photos ___ (take) in Bodrum.
- 4.The match ___ (cancel) because of the rain.
- 5.The pyramids ___ (build) thousands of years ago.
- 6.I ___ (invite) to Zeynep's wedding.
- 7.Two windows ___ (break) in the storm.
- 8.Ayşe ___ (born) in İzmir in 1995.
- 1.This carpet ___ by my grandmother in 1980.
- 2.Mert ___ the dishes every evening.
- 3.In our house, the dishes ___ by a machine.
- 4.This song was written ___ a famous Turkish singer.
- 5.___ these shoes made in Türkiye?
- 6.When ___ the museum built?
- 7.My keys ___ found yesterday.
- 8.Cheese ___ from milk.
- 9.The thief ___ by the police last week.
- 1.People grow hazelnuts in Giresun.
- 2.Someone cleans the classroom every day.
- 3.They built this hotel in 2015.
- 4.Someone stole my wallet on the metro.
- 5.They make these phones in China.
- 6.Orhan Pamuk wrote this book.
- 7.The airline cancelled our flight.
- 8.My grandfather painted these pictures.
- 1.The office is cleaned on Sundays. (olumsuz)
- 2.These bags are made of leather. (soru)
- 3.The windows were broken. (olumsuz)
- 4.This cake was made by Elif. (soru)
- 5.Breakfast is served at seven. (soru: What time…?)
- 6.The letter was sent yesterday. (olumsuz)
- 7.This mosque was built in the 16th century. (soru: When…?)
- 8.Tea is grown in Rize. (soru: Where…?)
- 1.The car made in Bursa in 2020.
- 2.This house was build in 1990.
- 3.The letters are send every Monday.
- 4.This film was made from a Turkish director.
- 5.Where were these photos took?
- 6.Where was made this carpet?
- 7.My phone stolen yesterday.
- 8.The rooms is cleaned every day.
- 9.Was the windows broken?
- 10.Coffee is grew in Brazil.